Martin Stillman

Mediation, Conflict Resolution Training, and Coaching

Martin Stillman

Mediating Conflict in Healthcare

Martin Stillman, MD, JD

Mediating Conflict in Healthcare

Martin Stillman, MD, JD

EDUCATION/TRAINING

1997 MD

University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

1993 JD

University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2011

General Skills Mediation Training, Hamline University School of Law, St. Paul, Minnesota

2010-2016

Leadership Coaching for the University of California San Francisco’s (UCSF) year-long fellowship program for clinician leaders

POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING

2000-2001

Chief Resident, Internal Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

1998-2000

Internal Medicine Residency, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

1997-1998

Internship, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS

2012-Present

Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2005-2012

Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2001-2005

Instructor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

CLINICAL/HOSPITAL APPOINTMENTS

2022-Present

Director of Provider Wellness and Retention, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2018-2022

Vice Chair, Department and Faculty Affairs, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2015-Present

Mediation & Conflict Resolution Officer, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2013-2017

Assistant Chief of Medicine, Outpatient Services, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010-2015

Senior Medical Director, Medicine and Medicine Sub Specialty Clinics, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2009-2017

Clinic Medical Director, Medicine Clinic, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2001-Present

Staff Physician, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

CERTIFICATION AND LICENSURE

2000-Present

State License, Minnesota Board of Medical Practice

1995-Present

State License, Minnesota Attorney License

SELECT HONORS AND AWARDS

2017

Recipient, Harold S. Diehl Award, University of Minnesota Medical School. This prestigious lifetime award is granted to individuals who have made outstanding professional contributions to the Medical School, the University, and the community.

2010

University of Minnesota Outstanding Medical School Teaching Award

2005

American College of Legal Medicine (ACLM) President’s Award

2004

Distinguished Service Recognition, American College of Legal Medicine

1997

Minnesota Medical Foundation Resident Distinguished Teaching Award

MEMBERSHIPS AND OFFICES IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

2014-2019

Board Member, Medicine and Health Board of Overseers, University of Minnesota Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2013-2014

President Elect, Executive Committee of the American College of Legal Medicine Board of Governors

2012-2013

Treasurer, Executive Committee of the American College of Legal Medicine Board of Governors

2011-2012

Secretary, Executive Committee of the American College of Legal Medicine Board of Governors

2010-Present

Fellow, American College of Physicians

2010-2018

Member, Association of Chiefs and Leaders in Internal Medicine (ACLGIM)

2005-2017

President, Board of Directors, Minnesota Medical Alumni Society

2005-2014

Ex-Officio Board Member, Minnesota Medical Foundation

2005-2012

Chair, Membership Committee, American College of Legal Medicine

2005-2011

Board of Governors (elected), American College of Legal Medicine

2003-Present

Member, Society of General Internal Medicine

2003-2010

Member, American College of Physicians

2000-Present

Fellow, American College of Legal Medicine

1998-2005

Board Member, University of Minnesota Medical Alumni Society

TEACHING, COACHING, MENTORING ACTIVITIES

2016-2017

Course Instructor, Advanced Training in Health Care Mediation, American Arbitration Association, New York, New York

2010-2016

Leadership Coach and Instructor for the UCSF-IPC year-long Fellowship Program for Clinician Leaders, University of California San Francisco, California

2013-Present

Coach for Hamline University School of Law Dispute Resolution Institute Civil Mediation Training, St. Paul, Minnesota

2007-2018

Advisor for Joint Degree Program students in University of Minnesota Joint Degree Program in Law, Health & the Life Sciences, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2007

Lecturer, Introduction to the Business of Health Care. Hamline University School of Law, St. Paul, Minnesota

2001-Present

Developer and Instructor, Legal Medicine Curriculum, Pre-Clinical Years, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2015

Speaker, “Regulating Personal Health Information” Seminar, University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

SELECT EXTRAMURAL INVITED PRESENTATIONS

National

  1. Invited Panelist, “Workforce Wellness in Primary Care.” Grand Rounds: Reimaging Primary Care in an Era of Opportunity Series, Harvard Medical School Center for Primary Care, March 2023.
  2. Invited Speaker, “Promoting Wellness Through Skill Building: Proficient Conflict Resolution.” Stanford University Medicine WellMD Educational Lecture Series Virtual Forum, February 2023.
  3. Invited Speaker and Panelist, “Dual-Degrees in Law and Medicine.” Asian Pacific American Medical Student Association (RUAPAMSA) Dual-Degree Conference, Rutgers University, April 2021.
  4. Workshop Co-Leader, “How to Approach and Resolve Conflict in a Constantly Changing Healthcare Environment.” Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM) Annual Meeting, Martin Stillman, Read Pierce, Washington, DC, May 2019.
  5. Invited Speaker, “Healthcare Dispute Trends and Innovative Conflict Resolution.” American Bar Association Health Law Section and Chicago Medical Society, Physicians Legal Issues Conference, Chicago, Illinois, June 2018.
  6. Invited Speaker, “The Impact of Physician Burnout on Medical Liability.” Physician Insurers Association of America (PIAA) 2018 CEO/COO Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona, March 2018.
  7. Invited Speaker, “Communication and Medical Malpractice.” Hillcrest Healthcare System 2017 Winter CME Update, Copper Mountain, Colorado, January 2017.
  8. Invited Speaker, “Innovative Conflict Resolution in Hospitals and Health Networks.” 2016 American Arbitration Association (AAA) Healthcare Dispute Resolution Innovation and Strategy Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, November 2016.
  9. Moderator, “Current Controversies in Pediatrics.” American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Austin, Texas, February 2016.
  10. Moderator, “Medical Malpractice Update.” American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 2015.
  11. Moderator, “Legal Medicine: Where will the Road Lead.” American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting – Stewart Reuter Lecture, Dallas, Texas, February 2014.
  12. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development Lunch in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 2013.
  13. Moderator, “Updates in Medical Malpractice.” American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting – Law and Medicine Update, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 2012.
  14. Moderator, “Ethics, Medicine and Health Law.” American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting-Medicine and Law for Healthcare Professionals, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 2011.
  15. Speaker, “Effective Communication: A Critical Factor in Malpractice Risk Management and High Quality Patient Care.” American College of Legal Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2009.
  16. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Houston, Texas, 2008.
  17. Program Co-Chair, American College of Legal Medicine (ACLM) 2008 Mid-Year Meeting. Also, Moderator Session I – Reimbursement Issues; Session III – Documentation/Privacy; and Session VI – Law and Business School 101 for Primary Care Clinicians, Chicago, Illinois, 2008.
    • With Co-Chair, developed the program areas of study and collaborated with presenters as a moderator to disseminate the content of this 1.5 day, 11 hour CME/CLE program to 100 attendees.
  18. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 2007.
  19. Speaker, “Handing Off the Patient: Addressing a Liability Risk and a Patient Safety Concern.” Premier’s Annual Breakthrough Conference and Exhibition, Orlando, Florida, 2007.
  20. Speaker, “Effective Communication: The Backbone of High Quality Patient Care and Malpractice Risk Management.” Lockton Companies Health Care Fall Conference 2007, Kansas City, Missouri, 2007.
    • Nursing CME, CLE, CPHQ and ASHRM credit for participants
  21. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2006.
  22. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, 2005.
  23. Speaker, “Medical Error.” American College of Legal Medicine, San Diego, California, 2005.
  24. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2004.
  25. Speaker, “Colon Cancer and Medical Malpractice.” American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2004.
  26. Speaker, “Cancer and the Law.” American College of Legal Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2004.
  27. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, 2003.
  28. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2002.
  29. Speaker and Moderator, Professional Development in Law and Medicine Session. American College of Legal Medicine Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, 2001.

Local

  1. Invited Moot Court Judge, William E. McGee Civil Rights Moot Court Competition, Mitchell Hamline School of Law, Saint Paul, Minnesota, March 2, 2023.
  2. Invited Moderator, “Physician Wellness in a Pandemic.” Minnesota Medical Association Virtual Physician CME Forum, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 2020.
  3. Invited Speaker, “How to Approach and Resolve Conflict in Today’s Challenging Health Care Environment.” Minnesota Hospital Association Health Care Leadership Institute, Stepping Up, Standing Out Conference, Plymouth, Minnesota, March 2020.
  4. Invited Panelist, “Setting the Stage: What was the ACA designed to do and how was it designed to work? What really happened and what parts were actually passed?” The Future of Healthcare Reform. Mitchell Hamline School of Law, Health, Law Institute Symposium, Saint Paul, Minnesota, February 2020.
  5. Invited Panelist, “Warren v. Dinter: Is the era of the curbside consult over?” All Faculty Education Noon Conference, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 2019.
  6. Invited Speaker, “Turning the Tide on Physician Burnout.” Presented with Sandra Shallcross, PhD, LP at the Minnesota Medical Association 2016 Annual Conference, St. Louis Park, Minnesota, September 2016.
  7. Invited Panelist, “Navigating Worldviews & Cultural Conflicts.” Mediation Center, Hamline University School of Law Dispute Resolution Institute, St. Louis Park, Minnesota, June 2016.
  8. Speaker, “Communication and Medical Malpractice.” American College of Physicians, Minnesota Chapter Scientific Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 2015.
  9. Understanding and Avoiding Medical Malpractice Claims: Perspectives from Plaintiff and Defense Attorneys, Medicine Grand Rounds, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 2015.
  10. Legal Medicine, Grand Rounds. Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2012.
  11. Speaker, “Medical Education into the Future: Landscape Drivers.” Presented with Dr. Arpana Vidyarthi at the Best of Hennepin Conference. Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2009.
  12. Core Curriculum noon conference, Medical Malpractice. Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2008.
  13. Effective Communication: A Critical Factor in Malpractice Risk Management and High Quality Patient Care, Medicine Grand Rounds, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2008.
  14. Speaker, “Did Vioxx Cause This Heart Attack? Understanding the Science of COX-2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk to Better Pursue or Defend These Cases.” 2007 Medical Malpractice Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2007.
    • Course was approved to receive CLE credit for participants
  15. How to Minimize Your Risk of Being Sued and Injuring Patients: Risk Management Principles and Practices. University of Minnesota in cooperation with the Minnesota Medical Foundation, CME Presentation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2007.
  16. Speaker and Theme Leader, “An Intentional Conversation about Conflict Resolution in Health Care.” Hamline University School of Law, Health Law Institute 2007 Symposium, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2007.
  17. Core Curriculum noon conference, Risk Management. Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2005.
  18. Panelist, Medical Errors and Improving Quality Care. On Doctoring Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2004.
  19. Medical Malpractice. Medicine Grand Rounds, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2003.
  20. Medical Malpractice. ACP Minnesota Chapter Annual Scientific Meeting, Northland Inn, Brooklyn Park, Minnesota, 2003.
  21. Medical Malpractice. Ground Rounds, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2002.

Media Interviews

  1. “Physician Burnout and Its Impact on Medical Liability,” feature article. Interview with Catherine E. Williams & Janet S. Puro, MD Advisor-A Publication of MDAdvantage Insurance Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, Winter 2019.
  2. “Good Question: What does stress do to our bodies?” WCCO Channel 4, Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 2015.
  3. “Medicine and The Law,” feature article. Minnesota Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, September 2015.
  4. “Double Play,” feature article. Interview with Kim Kiser, Minnesota Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 2005.

COMMITTEE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE

2021-2022

Member, University of Minnesota Medical School Faculty Advisory Council (MS-FAC), Minneapolis, Minnesota

2020-2023

Member, Minnesota COVID-19 Ethics Collaborative Committee (MCED), convened by The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), State Health Care Coordination Center (SHCCC), Minnesota Hospital Association (MHA), and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2017-Present

Assistant Director, Office of Professional Worklife, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2016-2021

Member, Disclosure Work Group, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2015-Present

Council Member, American Arbitration Association (AAA), Healthcare Dispute Resolution Advisory Council, Charlotte, North Carolina

2015-2017

Member, Office of Professional Worklife, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2014-2019

Board Member, Medicine and Health Board of Overseers, University of Minnesota Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2013-Present

Member, Claims Management & Disposition Committee, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2012-2018

Member, Clinical Practice Committee, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2012-Present

Member, Physician Search Committee, General Medicine Division, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2012-2017

Member, Primary Care Behavioral Health Organizational Group (PCBH), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2012-2014

Member, Community Transformation Grant Leadership Team (CTG), Hennepin County Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2012-2013

Chair, Vibrant Clinic Design Group (VCDG), General Medicine Division, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2012

Invited Chair, University of Minnesota Medical School Search Committee for Associate Dean of Admissions, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010-2017

Member, University of Minnesota Medical School and Minnesota Medical Foundation Honors and Awards Committee, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010-2017

Member, Ambulatory Care Quality Committee, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010-2014

Member, Ambulatory DYAD Leadership Committee (ADLC), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010-2014

Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant Collaborative Engagement workgroup, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010-2011

Member, Coordinated Care Delivery System (CCDS) Steering Committee, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010

Member, General Internal Medicine Division Finance Committee, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010

Consultant for Free the Children Baraka Healthcare Clinic in rural Kenya

2010

Member, Clinic Opiate Review and Management Committee, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2010

Coordinated Care Delivery System (CCDS) Retreat Collaborator, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2009-2017

Chair, Firm Practice Committee, General Medicine Division, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2009

Member, Patient Experience Steering Committee, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2008-2009

Member, Medicine Clinic Workflow Committee, General Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2007-Present

Member, Program Evaluation Committee (PEC), Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2007-Present

Advisory Board Member, Health Law Institute, Mitchell Hamline University School of Law, St. Paul, Minnesota

2006-2018

Advisory Board Member, Joint Degree Program in Law and Values in Health, Environment and the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2006-2012

Elected Board Member, Hennepin Faculty Associates Board of Directors, Minneapolis, Minnesota Elected to three 2-year terms

2005-2018

Advisory Committee Member, Minnesota Medicine, Monthly Publication, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2005-2014

Board of Trustees, Minnesota Medical Foundation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2004-2018

Member, Herzl Summer Camp Association Board of Directors, Minneapolis, Minnesota and Co-Medical Director 2005-2009

2004-2007

Board Member, Jewish Family and Children’s Service, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2004-2005

Member, Core Curriculum Seminar Steering Committee, Graduate Medical Education, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2003

Chair, Young Leadership Committee, American College of Legal Medicine, Schaumburg, Illinois

2002-2005

Member, Physician and Society Steering Committee, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

2000-2001

Member, Marketing Committee, American College of Legal Medicine, Schaumburg, Illinois

1992-1997

Board Member, Health and Safety Committee, Herzl Summer Camp Association, Minneapolis, Minnesota

1991-1992

Assistant Counselor and Caretaker Volunteer, St. Ann’s Residence, Catholic Charities, Minneapolis, Minnesota

1990-1991

Member, Sports and Entertainment Law Student Organization, University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Peer-Reviewed Publications

  1. Linzer M, Jin JO, Shah P, Stillman M, Brown R, Poplau S, Nankivil N, Cappelucci K, Sinsky CA. Trends in clinician burnout with associated mitigating and aggravating factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3(11):e224163.
  2. Sinsky C, Brown RL, Stillman MJ, Linzer M. COVID-Related Stress and Work Intentions in a Sample of US Health Care Workers. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021;5(6):1165-1173.
  3. Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, Poplau S, Goelz E, Taylor S, Nankivil N, Brown R, Linzer M, Cappelucci K, Barbouche M, Sinsky CA. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. Healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;35: 100879. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
  4. Brady KJS, Ni P, Carlasare L, Shanafelt TD, Sinsky, CA, Linzer M, Stillman M, Trockel MT. Establishing Crosswalks Between Common Measures of Burnout in US Physicians. J Gen Intern Med. 2021:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06661-4.
  5. Linzer M, Stillman M, Brown R, Taylor S, Nankivil N, Poplau S, Goelz E, Sinsky C. American Medical Association-Hennepin Healthcare System coping with CI. Preliminary report: US physician stress during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021;5(1):127-136.
  6. Menon, NK, Shanafelt TD, Sinsky CA, Linzer, M, Carlasare L, Brady KJS, Stillman MJ, Trockel, MT. Association of Physician Burnout With Suicidal Ideation and Medical Errors. JAMA Netw Open. 2020:3(12):e2028780.
  7. Goelz E, Audi C, Poplau S, Freese R, Linzer M, Stillman M. The BETER tool: a mentorship intervention for addressing burnout in medicine department providers. Physician Leadersh J. 2019. In press.
  8. Cryer B, Li CM, Simon LS, Singh G, Stillman MJ, Berger MF. GI-REASONS: A Novel 6-Month, Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label, Blinded Endpoint (PROBE) Trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:392-400.
    • Contribution: Participated in background research, conceptual design of manuscript content, drafting of manuscript and critical revision.
    • Citation Index: 0
    • Journal’s Impact Factor: 7.553
  9. Stillman MJ, Stillman TM. Choosing nonselective NSAIDS and selective COX-2 inhibitors in the elderly. A clinical use pathway. Geriatrics. 2007; 62(2):26-34.
    • Contribution: Participated in background research, conceptual design of manuscript content, drafting of manuscript and critical revision.
    • Citation Index: 8
    • Journal’s Impact Factor: 1.101
  10. Stillman MJ, Stillman TM. Appropriate use of NSAIDS. Considering cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2007; 62(3):16-21.
    • Contribution: Participated in background research, conceptual design of manuscript content, drafting of manuscript and critical revision.
    • Citation Index: 1
    • Journal’s Impact Factor: 1.101
  11. Chan FK, Cryer B, Goldstein JL, Lanas A, Peura DA, Scheiman JM, Simon LS, Singh G, Stillman MJ, Wilcox CM, Berger MF, Brezna A, and Dodge W. A Novel Composite Endpoint to Evaluate the Gastrointestinal (GI) Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs through the Entire GI Tract. J Rheum. 2010; 37:167-174.
    • Contribution: Participated in conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data in study which incorporated a novel composite endpoint for gastrointestinal effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Assisted in writing and editing manuscript which describes this novel composite endpoint.
    • Citation Index: 8
    • Journal’s Impact Factor: 3.551

Non Peer-Reviewed Publications

  1. Stillman M. Who should be making the decisions? Medical Economics. Letter to editor, December 16, 2005.
  2. Stillman M. A Difference of Degrees. JAMA. 2003;290(9):1135-1136.

Editorships/Journal Reviewer

  1. Manuscript Review. “Clinician Distress and Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, Manuscript Number: JCJQPS-D-21-00163, July 2021.
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